Nachhaltigkeitskommunikation

Dr. Aslı VAROL

Nachhaltigkeitskommunikation hat eine viel breitere Perspektive als Unternehmenskommunikation. Nachhaltigkeitskommunikation basiert auf der Einhaltung nachhaltiger Entwicklungsziele für eine bessere Zukunft. Daher, Unternehmen müssen Wert für alle ihre Stakeholder schaffen und ihre Verantwortung gegenüber allen ihren Stakeholdern erfüllen. Mit anderen Worten, Investitionen in die Beziehungen zu Interessengruppen als neue Anlageform sollten als Investitionen in Nachhaltigkeit definiert werden. Unter der Voraussetzung, dass die Entwicklung des Verständnisses von Nachhaltigkeit, die Schaffung von Werten für alle Stakeholder, das Wohlergehen sowohl für die Wirtschaft als auch für die Gesellschaft erhöht.

„Das Richtige zu tun“ 

Viele Unternehmen streben nach einem Geschäftsansatz, der nicht nur die Einhaltung von Gesetzen und Vorschriften sicherstellt, sondern auch die Verpflichtung hat, „das Richtige zu tun“ (UN Global Compact & Linklaters LLP, 2019). Nachhaltigkeitskommunikation sollte zeigen, dass Unternehmen das Richtige tun. Unternehmen bringen durch Nachhaltigkeitskommunikation zum Ausdruck, dass sie ihrer Verantwortung gegenüber ihren Stakeholdern nachkommen. In diesem Zusammenhang ist es wichtig, die Stakeholder in den Entscheidungsprozess einzubeziehen. Nachhaltigkeitskommunikation ermöglicht es Unternehmen, ihre unternehmerischen Nachhaltigkeitsagenden gegenüber den Stakeholdern auszudrücken. Die Nachhaltigkeitskommunikation informiert die Stakeholder über die Nachhaltigkeitsaktivitäten der Organisationen.

Die Bedeutung der Nachhaltigkeitskommunikation für die Erreichung des Stakeholder-Kapitalismus

Nachhaltigkeitskommunikation sollte eine aktive Rolle bei der Verwirklichung des Stakeholder-Kapitalismus spielen. Denn Nachhaltigkeitskommunikation zielt darauf ab, sich mit allen Stakeholdern in Bezug auf unternehmerische Verpflichtungen zu engagieren.

Nachhaltigkeitskommunikation stellt die Interaktion der Organisation mit ihren Stakeholdern sicher (Bhatia, 2020). Denn Nachhaltigkeitskommunikation ist die Kommunikationsarbeit des Engagements von Organisationen im Bereich Nachhaltigkeit. Die Nachhaltigkeitskommunikation zeigt ihren Stakeholdern, wie weit Unternehmen bei der Erreichung ihrer Ziele für eine nachhaltige Entwicklung fortgeschritten sind.

Die Nachhaltigkeitsberichterstattung ist einer der Kernbestandteile der Nachhaltigkeitskommunikation. Organisationen geben ihre Nachhaltigkeitsaktivitäten durch Corporate Social Reports bekannt. Darüber hinaus zeigen Nachhaltigkeitsberichte auch die Fortschritte von Organisationen bei der Erreichung ihrer Nachhaltigkeitsziele. Nachhaltigkeitskommunikation ermöglicht es, den Stakeholdern die Bemühungen von Organisationen für den Planeten und die Menschen zu erklären, insbesondere in Zeiten der Unsicherheit und Krise. Nachhaltigkeitskommunikation zeigt den Zweck von Unternehmen im Bereich Nachhaltigkeit auf und stellt fest, dass Unternehmen Wert für ihre Stakeholder schaffen wollen.

  

Literaturverzeichnis

Bhatia, Mack (2020): “The Importance of Communication in Sustainability & Sustainable Strategies”, Feb 17, 2020, https://www.thesustainability.io/importance-of-sustainability-communication-and-sustainability-strategies.

UN Global Compact & Linklaters LLP (2019): “Guide For General Counsel On Corporate Sustainability Version 2.0”, Linklaters LLP, UC Berkeley School of Law, UN Global Compact,  September 2019.

 

The Role of Stakeholder Capitalism in Corporate Foreign Policy

Dr. Aslı VAROL

On the 50th anniversary of the World Economic Forum (WEF), a new manifesto on stakeholder capitalism was put forward by WEF founder Klaus Schwab. The basis of the 2020 Davos Manifesto is the original Davos Manifesto of 1973. According to the Davos Manifesto of 1973, businesses should serve the interests of whole society, not just their shareholders. This means “stakeholder capitalism”. Unlike 1973, the 2020 Davos Manifesto provides vision for current issues such as fair taxation, zero tolerance for corruption, executive pay and respect for human rights in the broader context of stakeholder capitalism. At its 2020 Annual Meeting in Davos on January 21-24, the World Economic Forum proposed renewing the concept of stakeholder capitalism to tackle income inequality, social division and the climate crisis (World Economic Forum, 2020).

 

“Statement on the Purpose of a Corporation”, announced by the Business Roundtable in August 2019, is another important statement on stakeholder capitalism. In this text, Business Roundtable emphasizes that: “Each of our stakeholders is essential. We commit to deliver value to all of them, for the future success of our companies, our communities and our country.” (Business Roundtable, 2019).

 

Recently, Schwab and Vanham have described the stakeholder capitalism in “Stakeholder Capitalism: A Global Economy that Works for Progress, People and Planet”. According to the authors stakeholder capitalism is “a form of capitalism in which companies do not only optimize short-term profits for shareholders, but seek long term value creation, by taking into account the needs of all their stakeholders, and society at large” (Schwab and Vanham, 2021).

Foreign affairs carries out communication activities that will improve the corporate relations with states, societies, national and international non-governmental organizations, other organizations in the sector, global initiatives and various institutions (Varol, 2020). In this context, foreign affairs should take into account stakeholder capitalism while establishing corporate foreign policy in order to establish long-term relationships with stakeholders. Considering the interests, needs, priorities and relationships of international stakeholders is essential to formulating an appropriate corporate foreign policy.

There are four key stakeholders to ensure that both people and the planet prosper. These stakeholders are governments (countries, states, and local communities), civil society (unions, NGOs, schools, universities, action groups etc.), companies (private sector), and the international community (international organizations such as the UN and regional organizations such as the European Union or ASEAN) (Schwab and Vanham, 2021).

Businesses should consider the impact of their activities and decisions on stakeholders (Varol, 2019). In this context, the purpose of a company is serving the interests of all its stakeholders, including consumers, employees, suppliers, communities, shareholders. In the globalized world, businesses must interact with all their stakeholders. For this reason, businesses should create corporate foreign policies that aim to develop long-term relationships with stakeholders in the global area.

Global Corporate Citizenship and Corporate Foreign Policy

Multinational companies serve all their stakeholders. However, they also act for our global future together with governments and civil society as a stakeholder. Because in the context of global corporate citizenship, companies must work together with other companies and stakeholders to improve the state of our planet (Schwab, 2019).

 

Companies, operating in the international arena or want to expand their investments and business operations towards the international arena, should establish a corporate foreign policy. It should be accepted that an effective foreign policy will provide political, economic, social and cultural gains to companies in the global area. Because corporate foreign policy will determine the scope and direction of corporate diplomacy activities. For this reason, companies should develop a sustainable corporate foreign policy consistent with their business objectives (Varol, 2020).

Stakeholder Capitalism and Interdependence

As Schwab and Vanham stated that today’s stakeholder model is global. Because economies and societies are more closely interconnected than 50 years ago, and the interests of the system are global. The two main stakeholders of the stakeholder model, planet and human, are also fundamentally global. But first of all, the health of the planet must be protected. Because the health of the planet depends on the sum total of decisions made by actors around the world. We need to protect our planet for future generations. Therefore, every stakeholder must take responsibility. The planet is the central stakeholder of the global economic system and its health must be optimized with decisions made by all other stakeholders (Schwab and Vanham, 2021: 176). 

We are in a period that the necessity of stakeholder capitalism is emerging. Stakeholder capitalism is not just for the shareholders of a company; expresses the goal of creating value for all stakeholders. Interdependence is important in stakeholder capitalism. The well-being of one stakeholder depends on the well-being of the other stakeholder. In this framework, all stakeholders must fulfill their responsibilities for the common good. Perhaps the biggest effect of globalization is that it increases interdependence. In order to be prepared for risks and crises, all stakeholders should work for each other’s well-being.

COVID-19 has once again reminded of global interdependence. Schwab and Vanham express that unless everyone is well on the planet, no one will be safe and well. With the widespread spread of Internet technology, people around the world are becoming aware of the plight of people elsewhere. In this case, the importance of global equality is also emphasized (Schwab and Vanham, 2021).

Increasing interdependence brings with it the need for transparency. Because companies must always be transparent in order to receive support from their stakeholders in new crisis and post-crisis uncertainty.

Interdependence requires considering other actors in corporate foreign policy. It is clear that policies aimed only the interests of the organization will not bring long-term success and profit. For this reason, companies need to create a consistent and sustainable corporate foreign policy by considering both their shareholders and all other stakeholders. Businesses must reveal their global corporate citizenship identities in the most accurate way for the health and well-being of the planet.

Conclusion

Companies must create value for all their stakeholders, and this is the core of stakeholder capitalism. Therefore, companies must develop new strategies to achieve stakeholder capitalism. With another words, a new strategic approach is required to achieve stakeholder capitalism. Recently, WEF, Business Roundtable, Bank of America have emphasized the need to rethink stakeholder capitalism. In addition, creating value for all stakeholders in times of crisis and uncertainty is an important way to achieve company sustainability.

Today, it is clearly spoken that being only profit-oriented will not bring more long-term business success. Therefore, a business approach that takes into account the needs and expectations of all stakeholders is required. This necessary business approach is “stakeholder capitalism”. Today, the business world has had to face various global issues such as the climate crisis, financial crises, the COVID-19 pandemic, increasing economic inequality, migration and the threat of terrorism. Therefore, considering stakeholder capitalism in corporate foreign policy is not a choice for companies, it is actually a necessity.

 

References

 

Business Roundtable (2019): “Statement on the Purpose of a Corporation”, August 19, 2019, https://opportunity.businessroundtable.org/ourcommitment/.

Schwab, Klaus, (2019): “Davos Manifesto 2020: The Universal Purpose of a Company in the Fourth Industrial Revolution”, 02 Dec 2019, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/12/davos-manifesto-2020-the-universal-purpose-of-a-company-in-the-fourth-industrial-revolution.

  

Schwab, Klaus, Peter Vanham, (2021): Stakeholder Capitalism: A Global Economy that Works for Progress, People and Planet, World Economic Forum, Wiley, New Jersey.

Varol, Aslı (2019): Tüm Boyutlarıyla Kurumsal Sosyal Sorumluluk, Cinius, Istanbul.

Varol, Aslı (2020): Kurumsal Diplomasi, Cinius, Istanbul.

World Economic Forum (2020): “Stakeholder Capitalism: A Manifesto for a Cohesive and Sustainable World”, 14 Jan 2020, https://www.weforum.org/press/2020/01/stakeholder-capitalism-a-manifesto-for-a-cohesive-and-sustainable-world/.

  

Climate Diplomacy to Promote Renewable Energy Investments

Dr. Aslı VAROL

The world is facing many challenges due to climate change impacts. The primary way to minimize these effects is to reduce greenhouse gas emission rates to zero. The fact that developed countries continue to use fossil fuels from the Industrial Revolution to the present has exacerbated the climate and environmental crisis.

Today, the G20 countries collectively accounting for around 75 percent of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, 80 percent of global GDP and two-thirds of the global population, has a major role in addressing climate change (Climate Analytics, World Resources Institute 2021).

Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen international communication efforts to encourage the use of clean energy resources and to support renewable energy investments. This can only be achieved through the effectiveness of climate diplomacy.

A New Foreign Policy Issue: Energy Transition and Renewable Energy

Renewable energy is in the field of both climate diplomacy and energy diplomacy. At the same time, economy, trade and business diplomacy also put renewable energy on their agenda.

Diplomacy on renewable energy is a dimension of energy diplomacy called “green diplomacy”. Low-carbon economic and industrial development trend towards increasing renewable energy requires energy transition (Katrandzhiev, 2020: 12).

The energy transition process (known also as “greening of economy” or “global low-carbon energy transition”) is the increase in the share of renewable resources (hydro, solar, wind, biomass) in the energy production of countries. However, the global economy still relies on the use of polluting non-renewable resources (coal and oil) for energy production. The EU has announced its goal of making it 'carbon neutral' by 2050 through the “Green Deal”. However, phasing out coal-based electricity generation capacities will be a challenge for EU Member States’ competitiveness. In this case, renewable energy-oriented diplomacy comes into play.  As Katrandzhiev stressed that renewable diplomacy can be defined as a new prospective dimension of energy diplomacy in times of global energy transition and movement towards economic and environmental sustainability. Because diplomacy will be needed to balance the relations between hydro-carbon energy producers based on oil, natural gas and coal exports and energy importing countries (Katrandzhiev, 2020: 14).

Today, countries should both compete and encourage each other in the production and use of renewable energy. Cooperation at the regional and global level should be strengthened to create the sustainable renewable energy market. Renewable energy in foreign policy can be an opportunity to open the way for new dialogues.

India’s Climate Diplomacy in Africa to Expand the Solar Energy Production

India uses climate diplomacy effectively in renewable energy production. According to the Germanwatch Global Climate Risk Index 2020, India is the fifth most affected country by climate change (Eckstein, Künzel, Schäfer, 2021).

India should consider climate diplomacy as one of the main areas of its foreign policy. India, together with France, established the International Solar Alliance (ISA), a treaty-based intergovernmental organization. Due to the geo-economic and geopolitical importance of the African region, which is an important stakeholder of the ISA with its 34 countries, India engages in continental (with the African Union), regional (with organizations such as the Indian Ocean Rim Association) and bilateral relations (with states such as Congo, Rwanda and Mali) in the region (Shaji and Susarla, 2021).

Renewable Energy Relations between EU and China 

China is ambitious about climate diplomacy and climate leadership. This is evidenced by the Chinese government's tackling the country's air and water pollution problems and prioritizing investing in renewable energy. As it is known, although it still continues to use coal, China is the leader in renewable energy production.

In the race for climate leadership, China wants to improve its relations with the EU. China has announced its goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2060. The EU is calling for increased targets for decarbonisation and achieving net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 through the "European Green Deal". Both sides show that climate and renewable energy targets are compatible. Sattich et al. (2021) state that the case of the EU and China indicates that renewable energy policies can lead to more alignment and proximity between the parties on the one hand, and increased competition and friction on the other. But there is something China and the EU have achieved here. The EU and China act on the basis of their own interests and defend their individual preferences, as well as cooperate where voluntary cooperation is more productive than geopolitical struggles (Sattich et al., 2021).

Conclusion and Recommendations

The promotion of renewable energy investments is crucial to achieve low-carbon targets. Although the parties in the Paris Agreement have committed to limit the global temperature increase, they still fall short of the target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, it is necessary to lobby for international sanctions on countries that are late in their commitments or do not comply with their commitments. In addition, diplomats should engage in dialogue with the best example countries and companies in this field, considering the economic, social and environmental benefits that renewable energy will bring to their countries. Because in the global world where interdependence is growing, it is expected that renewable energy will also reduce the foreign dependency of countries on energy.

Renewable energy investments should be increased through climate diplomacy. In this context, it is necessary to adopt a multi-stakeholder approach in climate diplomacy. It is important to ensure the participation of states and private sector as well as environmental non-governmental organizations in the negotiations.

It is necessary to form coalitions at the state level to call to countries that have not declared their nationally determined contributions (NDCs). In addition, the climate finance agenda included in the Paris Agreement should be established through these coalitions.

Concrete action plans should be established to encourage the use of renewable energy in all areas from industrial production to living and business places. It is necessary to encourage developing countries to create renewable energy policies and to provide leverage support.

In summary, states must be active in climate diplomacy for the transition to a global low-carbon economy. In order to pave the way for renewable energy investments through climate diplomacy, the private sector should be encouraged to invest in renewable energy in countries where public resources are insufficient. In the context of climate diplomacy, civil society should be mobilized in order to raise awareness in the society for the transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy and thus to create demand for renewable energy products.

 

References

 

Climate Analytics, World Resources Institute (2021): “Closing the gap: the impact of G20 climate commitments on limiting global temperature rise to 1.5°C”, Authors: Claire Fyson, Andreas Geiges, Matthew Gidden, Jamal Srouji, Clea Schumer, September 2021,

https://climateanalytics.org/media/closingthegap_web.pdf.

 

Eckstein, David, Vera Künzel, Laura Schäfer (2021): “Global Climate Risk Index 2021: Who Suffers Most from Extreme Weather Events? Weather-Related Loss Events in 2019 and 2000-2019”, Germanwatch, Briefing Paper, January 2021, Germany.

 

Katrandzhiev, Valentin (2020): “Energy Diplomacy Revisited”, Energy and Climate Diplomacy, Editor-in-Chief: Slavtcho Neykov, Foreign Affairs Research Papers 13, June, 2020, Republic of Bulgaria Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Hanns Seidel Stiftung, Bulgarian Diplomatic Institute, Sofia.

 

Sattich, Thomas, Duncan Freeman, Daniel Scholten, Shaohua Yan (2021): “Renewable energy in EU-China relations: Policy interdependence and its geopolitical implications”, Energy Policy, 156 (2021) 112456, 1-10.

 

Shaji, S., Arvind Susarla, (2021): “India, Africa and climate diplomacy”, February 14, 2021, https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/india-africa-and-climate-diplomacy-7188554/.

Corporate Diplomacy, Climate Change and Environmental Peacebuilding

Dr. Aslı VAROL 

Today, efforts are being made to manage climate change and its environmental impacts. Climate change also jeopardizes environmental security. Disasters such as the depletion of vital resources, migrations, epidemics and poverty cause tension and conflict, especially in low-income countries. It is clearly understood that if climate and environmental problems are not prevented; food, energy and water-related wars may occur in the future.

Modern diplomacy also considers issues that require urgent solutions in the global arena. For this reason, today’s issues such as climate change, scarcity of natural resources such as water and energy, health, migration and the situation of refugees are also included in the scope of diplomacy. Diplomatic activities have become multi-stakeholder. Because, private sector companies, non-governmental organizations, think tanks and scientific organizations, municipalities and international organizations have started to play an active role in the diplomatic field. In this context, companies, as actors that encourage an atmosphere of trust and peace, can contribute to the development of the global society and sustainable peace (Varol, 2020).

In order to reduce the effects of climate change and establish sustainable peace, first of all, global policies that will effectively respond to climate change should be launched. In the light of these global policies, action should be taken with a multilateral cooperation process in which all parties can make their voices heard. A multi-stakeholder approach and global cooperation are required in order to be aware of these situations that threaten peace and security in the 21st century through early warning methods.

Corporate Foreign Policy and Environmental Peacebuilding

Today, it is seen that the effects of climate change and environmental degradation are also on the security agenda. Because it is clearly stated that reasons such as drought, flood, loss of land and water, lack of energy, crop scarcity, hunger, epidemics and migration prevent economic and social development and increase tension in conflict regions. Therefore, states and societies have perhaps faced such a large-scale problem for the first time after World War II.

Private sector companies can attract the attention of states and the international community on issues that concern the whole world through corporate diplomacy. Corporate diplomacy opens the communication channels for necessary relationships. First of all, companies should develop a sustainable corporate foreign policy consistent with business goals (Varol, 2020). In corporate foreign policy, issues that require global cooperation and awaiting urgent solutions should also be handled. For instance, negative situations such as climate change, migration, environmental disasters, poverty, epidemics, terrorism and conflicts should be considered in corporate foreign policy. Corporate foreign policy should include elements that will prevent these situations. Corporate diplomacy should play an active role in environmental peacebuilding.

So, what is environmental peacebuilding? Ide and others define environmental peacebuilding as “the multiple approaches and pathways by which the management of environmental issues is integrated in and can support conflict prevention, mitigation, resolution and recovery” (Ide et al., 2021: 2-3). Westermann-Behaylo, Rehbein and Fort categorize corporate diplomacy activities that will contribute to peace in conflict and high risk areas with three headings: peacemaking activities, peacebuilding activities, and corporate political activities (Westermann-Behaylo, Rehbein, Fort, 2015: 396-399).

The British Ministry of Defense’s report titled “Ministry of Defense Climate Change and Sustainability Strategic Approach”, it is stated that combating climate change and biodiversity loss will be the top international priority of the UK Government in 2021 and beyond. The report also states that as the first major economy to pass legislation to achieve net zero emissions by 2050, the UK is also committed to delivering the world's most ambitious environmental program. As one of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council, expressing its responsibility to meet the UN Sustainable Development Goals, the UK aims to lead the defense in responding to threats associated with climate change (Ministry of Defence, 2021). It is clearly seen that the UK will demonstrate its commitment to this issue at the 26th UN Climate Change Conference (COP26) which will be held in Glasgow on November 1-12, 2021.

It is a very important step that governments and defense ministries revise their works in a climate and environmental perspective. This shows that the efforts of civil society to attract the attention of the international community on climate and environment, especially in the last two decades, have been responded by states. At the same time, keeping the Paris Agreement and the 2050 emission targets on the agenda brings along the participation of many actors in environmental diplomacy.

At the Climate Summit hosted by the USA on April 22-23, President Biden expressed the contribution of climate and environmentally friendly practices to the economies of the countries as follows: “The countries that take decisive action now to create the industries of the future will be the ones that reap the economic benefits of the clean energy boom that’s coming” (The White House, 2021).

Environmental peacebuilding efforts seem like a beacon of hope for the resolution of various conflicts between countries. Because, although China-US relations have been strained in recent years due to trade, Chinese pressure on Uyghur Turks, and disagreements over China's actions in Taiwan and Hong Kong, the United States is hopeful that can work with China to combat climate change. In this context, it is a fact that private sector organizations of the USA and China will play an important role in ensuring sustainable peace.

Through corporate diplomacy, companies should work with governments and international organizations to reduce climate security concerns and build peace. In this sense, it is important to participate in multilateral diplomacy process to ensure environmental peacebuilding especially with environment and security organizations and initiatives such as the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), Environment and Security Initiative (ENVSEC), United Nations Development Program, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Environmental security can be achieved by developing comprehensive solutions. In this context, the private sector should concretely act in cooperation and coordination with these organizations and also governments, civil society groups, financial institutions, labour organizations, scientific and educational institutions in its corporate foreign policy.

As expressed in the United Nations Environment Programme’s report titled “Making Peace with Nature”, “everyone has a part to play in transforming social and economic systems for a sustainable future” (United Nations Environment Programme, 2021).

Solutions for Sustainable Environmental Peace through Corporate Diplomacy

Corporate diplomacy has an important role in preventing conflicts that arise due to the decrease of vital resources, deterioration of environmental security, adverse effects on economic and social development. This role should also have a function ensuring peace between both human-environment interactions and human-human relations.

First of all, it is important that the top managers of companies carry out the activities of corporate diplomacy to ensure peace by reducing tensions and conflicts. For example, if the top executive of a multinational company plays an active role in relations with governments and other stakeholders, it will both speed up decision-making and clearly reveal the positive approach of the company to the issue (Varol, 2020).

The private sector can call the parties to initiate the climate and environmental diplomacy process in the regions where it aims to make business and investments. Businesses can do this through corporate social responsibility and sponsorship activities. The private sector can cooperate with governments and non-governmental organizations in collecting and sharing the required information in this process. In the corporate diplomacy process, the private sector can lead the mediation efforts between parties that experience conflicts due to environmental risks. Ensuring environmental safety means that the private sector conducts its business processes safely. Therefore, it can force states to participate in international agreements on climate and environment. Private sector corporations can even play an active role in making new national or regional regulations.

The private sector should make various contacts with various institutions and organizations in the process of creating global policies in order to prevent the consequences of climate change such as human mobility and migration. This will open the way for the environmental peace process to achieve concrete results. In addition, private sector firms should host international meetings to warn the public and private sector organizations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) warns that the temperature rise should be kept at most 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels to prevent the effects of climate change. Therefore, this requires reaching net zero emission by 2050.

The private sector should take responsibility in post-conflict recovery efforts. The private sector should support social and economic development to overcome the devastation of environmental conflicts and to achieve social cohesion. Because increasing economic inequality will cause wider conflicts. The only way of achieving sustainable peace is promoting environmental, social and economic well-being.

  

References

Ide, T., C. Bruch, A. Carius, K. Conca, G. D. Dabelko, R. Matthew, E. Weinthal: “The past and future(s) of environmental peacebuilding”, International Affairs, 97: 1, 2021.

Ministry of Defence: “Ministry of Defence Climate Change and Sustainability Strategic Approach”, 2021, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/973707/20210326_Climate_Change_Sust_Strategy_v1.pdf.

The White House: “Remarks by President Biden at the Virtual Leaders Summit on Climate Opening Session”, April 22, 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/04/22/remarks-by-president-biden-at-the-virtual-leaders-summit-on-climate-opening-session/.

United Nations Environment Programme: “Making Peace with Nature: A scientific blueprint to tackle the climate, biodiversity and pollution emergencies”, Nairobi, 2021, https://www.unep.org/resources/making-peace-nature.

Varol, Aslı: Kurumsal Diplomasi, Cinius, Istanbul, 2020.

Westermann-Behaylo, M. K., K. Rehbein, T. Fort: “Enhancing the concept of corporate diplomacy: Encompassing political corporate social responsibility, international relations, and peace through commerce”, Academy of Management Perspectives, Vol. 29, No. 4, 2015, 387-404.